It does not sound major.
Each gauge has it's own light bulb, but they are all wired together and come on with the bow navigation light. (anchor light alone will not turn on the gauge backlights).
It sounds like you have a bad ground wire somewhere in the gauges, and when you turn on the back lights, the ground wire is being pushed up to 12V instead of 0V. That would effectively de-power the gauges and they would go to peg to zero.
I can only guess that when you tried again, the ground wire went to some other voltage (lets say maybe 4V) having a loose ground connection. That may have been enough ground to activate the back lights, yet give the gauges incorrect readings.
The ground wires going to gauges are usually "daisy-chained" meaning one, to the next, to the next, etc. So one bad connection could effect several gauges.
You can probably find a wire back there that is physically loose. If not, you will need to check with a volt meter. All grounds on the gauges should check 0V to the ground at the fuse block...even with the lights on. (or no more than about 0.2V)
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"Knot Easy" 2000 Horizon 240 Volvo 5.7GS /SX
tow: 2017 Honda PILOT EXL-AWD
prev. boats:
'87 Chaparral 198CXL 4.3 OMC Cobra
'69 Jetstar 16ft Ski Boat, 115hp Yamaha
'68 Aluminum Jon Boat, 3hp Sears
'64 Water Wings